
Exploring 'The Girl Who Can' by Ama Ata Aidoo: A Literature Lesson on Tradition, Femininity, and Empowerment
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"The Girl Who Can" is a compelling narrative set in Ghana, focusing on seven-year-old Adjoa and her internal and external struggles with societal expectations. Adjoa's thin and long legs are a source of concern for her grandmother, Nana, who holds traditional views on a woman's role in society. Adjoa's mother, Maami, values education and wishes for a better future for her daughter. The story highlights the tension between tradition and progress, and how Adjoa's unexpected success in sports challenges and changes the perceptions of those around her.

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Summary
📘 Summary of The Girl Who Can by Ama Ata Aidoo
The Girl Who Can is a deeply insightful short story by Ghanaian writer Ama Ata Aidoo, narrated through the innocent yet thoughtful voice of seven-year-old Adjoa, who lives with her mother (Maami) and grandmother (Nana) in the Ghanaian village of Hasodzi. The story reflects the subtle but intense societal pressures placed on women and girls, especially regarding physical expectations and traditional gender roles.
Adjoa's “problem,” as she sees it, is not her poverty or village life, but her inability to fully express her thoughts due to her age and limited vocabulary. A major theme revolves around her legs, which Nana constantly criticizes for being too thin and long to support "solid hips"—seen as necessary for childbearing, a key societal expectation for women.
While Adjoa’s mother supports her schooling, Nana believes it is pointless, associating a woman's worth with her ability to become a mother. Yet despite this pressure, Adjoa excels in school sports, particularly running, where her so-called "useless" legs help her win races and become the best all-round junior athlete in the district.
Her victories subtly challenge and overturn her grandmother’s narrow views. In a touching climax, Nana, once her harshest critic, proudly carries Adjoa’s athletic trophy on her back like a precious child and whispers that “thin legs can also be useful.” This symbolic shift in attitude reflects the larger message of the story: that girls and women are more than their physical appearance or reproductive abilities. They are capable, talented individuals who deserve the freedom to define their own worth.
Through Adjoa’s quiet strength and achievements, the story beautifully conveys a girl’s journey to finding her rightful place in a society full of rigid expectations.

Analytical Summary: "The Girl Who Can"
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"The Girl Who Can" is a short story by Ama Ata Aidoo that explores themes of identity, societal expectations, and self-acceptance through the eyes of a young Ghanaian girl named Adjoa. Set in Hasodzi, a village in the Central Region of Ghana, the narrative provides a glimpse into Adjoa's life and her struggle with the perceptions of her family, particularly regarding her physical appearance and capabilities.
Characters and Relationships:
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Adjoa: The protagonist, a seven-year-old girl who is self-aware and reflective. She is concerned about the way her family, especially her grandmother, perceives her thin and long legs.
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Nana: Adjoa's grandmother, who holds traditional views on female beauty and utility, often criticises Adjoa's legs for being too thin and long for a woman.
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Maami: Adjoa's mother, who is more supportive and less critical than Nana but is often silenced by her mother's strong opinions.
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Themes and Analysis:
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Perception and Body Image:
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The story delves into how societal and familial perceptions shape an individual's self-image. Nana's constant critique of Adjoa's legs underscores a traditional viewpoint that associates physical attributes with a woman's ability to bear children. This highlights the pressure on females to conform to certain physical standards to be deemed valuable.
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Adjoa's internal conflict about whether to voice her thoughts reflects her struggle to reconcile her self-worth with her family's expectations.
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Generational Conflict:
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The differing views of Nana and Maami represent a generational conflict. Nana's adherence to traditional beliefs contrasts with Maami's desire for Adjoa to be educated and achieve more than just fulfilling traditional roles.
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Maami's quiet defiance and support for Adjoa's education symbolize a shift towards valuing female independence and intellectual growth over merely fulfilling traditional gender roles.
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Self-Discovery and Validation:
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Adjoa's participation in school sports and her success as a runner serve as a means of self-validation and discovery. Her athletic achievements provide a counter-narrative to Nana's criticism, demonstrating that her legs, though not traditionally 'ideal,' are strong and capable.
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Nana's eventual acceptance and pride in Adjoa's achievements signify a moment of realization and transformation. Nana's emotional response to Adjoa's success highlights the breaking down of preconceived notions about physical appearance and capability.
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Narrative Technique:
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The story is told from Adjoa's perspective, providing an intimate look into her thoughts and feelings. This narrative choice effectively conveys the innocence and perceptiveness of a child grappling with complex issues of identity and acceptance.
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The use of dialogue and internal monologue captures the dynamics of Adjoa's family relationships and the impact of their words on her self-esteem.
Conclusion: "The Girl Who Can" is a poignant exploration of a young girl's journey towards self-acceptance in the face of societal and familial pressures. Through Adjoa's story, Aidoo challenges traditional notions of female worth and beauty, advocating for a broader understanding of individual potential and the importance of supportive familial relationships in nurturing self-confidence and achievement.

Word Meanings
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Here are some challenging meanings and themes from "The Girl Who Can" by Ama Ata Aidoo:
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Perceptions of Physical Appearance:
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Legs as Symbols: The recurring focus on Adjoa's legs symbolizes societal expectations and pressures regarding female beauty and utility. Nana's belief that legs should be "meaty" to support "solid hips" necessary for childbirth reflects a traditional view that a woman's value is tied to her physical ability to bear children.
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Generational Conflicts and Societal Change:
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Traditional vs. Modern Views: Nana represents the traditional views of femininity and the roles of women, whereas Maami represents a more modern outlook, valuing education and personal growth. This conflict highlights the tension between adhering to cultural traditions and embracing change and progress.
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Self-Worth and Validation:
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Internal vs. External Validation: Adjoa's internal struggle with her sense of self-worth, influenced by her family's opinions, underscores the difficulty of seeking external validation. Her achievements in sports serve as a means to prove her worth beyond traditional expectations.
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Communication Barriers:
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Voice and Silence: Adjoa's difficulty in expressing her thoughts due to fear of ridicule or dismissal highlights the broader issue of children's voices being undervalued. The story portrays the challenge of communicating and being heard within a family and societal context that often silences the young.
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Role of Education:
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Empowerment Through Education: Maami's desire for Adjoa to go to school and learn signifies the transformative power of education. It represents a path to empowerment and liberation from the constraints of traditional gender roles.
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Emotional Complexity:
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Silent Suffering: Maami's silent tears and subdued responses reflect the emotional complexity and silent suffering experienced by women who are caught between respecting traditional norms and desiring progress for the next generation.
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Societal Expectations and Gender Roles:
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Functionality vs. Aesthetics: The story challenges the notion that a woman's body must conform to certain aesthetic standards to be functional or valuable. Adjoa's success as a runner defies the belief that only traditionally 'ideal' bodies are capable or useful.
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Impact of Cultural Norms:
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Inherited Beliefs: The story shows how cultural norms and beliefs are passed down through generations, affecting the self-perception and opportunities of the younger generation. Nana's views on legs and femininity are a product of her cultural upbringing, which she imposes on Adjoa.
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Empowerment and Achievement:
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Recognition and Pride: Nana's eventual pride in Adjoa's athletic achievements signifies a shift in her perspective, recognizing that value and capability can manifest in various forms. It highlights the importance of recognizing and celebrating individual talents and achievements.
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Resilience and Identity:
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Finding One's Path: Adjoa's journey reflects resilience and the quest for identity amidst external pressures. Her story is a testament to the importance of finding one's path and proving one's worth through actions rather than conforming to societal expectations.
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Here is a detailed character sketch of the major characters in “The Girl Who Can” by Ama Ata Aidoo:
👧 Adjoa – The Protagonist
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Age: Seven years old
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Personality: Curious, observant, intelligent, and introspective
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Role: Narrator of the story
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Key Traits:
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She is sensitive to her surroundings and often reflects deeply on what she sees and hears.
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Though small and often silenced, she has powerful thoughts about self-worth and purpose.
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She is torn between speaking her mind and fearing mockery or dismissal by grown-ups.
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Her so-called “thin legs” become a symbol of ridicule in the beginning but later turn into a symbol of pride when she wins races.
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Development:
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She goes from feeling doubtful and confused to quietly triumphant when she proves her legs are capable — not just for bearing children but for athletic success.
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Her actions, not words, challenge traditional gender expectations.
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👵 Nana – Grandmother
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Personality: Strong-willed, traditional, vocal, and critical but deeply loving
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Beliefs:
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Represents conservative views rooted in Ghanaian tradition.
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Believes a woman's body should be built for childbearing — especially with strong legs and wide hips.
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Role in Adjoa’s life:
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Constantly criticizes Adjoa’s thin legs and doubts her future as a woman.
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Initially discourages education and focuses on physical expectations.
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However, she transforms when Adjoa proves her worth by winning in sports.
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Character Development:
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She undergoes a significant change from critic to supporter.
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Her carrying of the trophy on her back and softly muttering praise shows her emotional shift and growing acceptance.
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👩 Maami (Kaya) – Adjoa’s Mother
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Personality: Quiet, humble, supportive, and emotional
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Beliefs:
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More modern and forward-thinking than Nana.
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Believes in the power of education and wants her daughter to have opportunities she never had.
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Role in Adjoa’s life:
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Defends Adjoa’s right to go to school and often quietly stands up to Nana.
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Supports her daughter emotionally but lacks the strength to completely oppose her mother.
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Character Trait:
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She carries quiet resilience — although not outspoken, she makes sure her daughter gets the chance to learn and grow.
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She remains speechless with pride after Adjoa’s success, showing her emotional depth.
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🎓 Teachers and Community Members (Minor Characters)
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Though not deeply described, Adjoa’s teachers play a key role in recognizing her talent and selecting her for races.
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The community’s reaction (including Nana’s change of heart) reflects how society starts acknowledging the value of talents beyond traditional roles.
✨ Character Dynamics and Themes
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The three generations of women—Adjoa, Maami, and Nana—represent a clash of perspectives: the traditional (Nana), the transitional (Maami), and the progressive (Adjoa).
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Their interactions reflect broader themes of gender roles, societal expectations, identity, and empowerment.

Questions designed to test students' critical knowledge of "The Girl Who Can":
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How does Nana's perception of Adjoa's legs reflect traditional views on femininity and a woman's role in society? Provide specific examples from the text to support your answer.
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Discuss the generational conflict between Nana and Maami regarding Adjoa's education. How do their differing views highlight broader societal changes? Use evidence from the story to illustrate your points.
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Analyse Adjoa's internal conflict about expressing her thoughts and feelings. How does her fear of ridicule or dismissal impact her communication with her family? Cite specific passages that demonstrate this struggle.
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In what ways does Adjoa's success in sports challenge the traditional expectations set by her family, particularly Nana? How does this achievement change Nana's perception of Adjoa? Provide textual evidence to support your analysis.
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Examine the role of education in the story. How does Maami's desire for Adjoa to go to school contrast with Nana's views? What does this contrast reveal about the potential for education to transform individual lives and societal norms? Use examples from the text to support your answer.
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Detailed Answers:
1. How does Nana's perception of Adjoa's legs reflect traditional views on femininity and a woman's role in society? Provide specific examples from the text to support your answer.
Nana's perception of Adjoa's legs reflects deeply ingrained traditional views on femininity and the role of women in society. Nana criticizes Adjoa's legs for being too thin and long, believing that a woman's legs should have "meat on them" to support "solid hips" necessary for childbirth. This reflects a traditional view that a woman's value is tied to her physical ability to bear children. For example, Nana states, "If any female child decides to come into this world with legs, then they might as well be legs" and goes on to describe legs with good calves to support solid hips for childbearing. Nana’s emphasis on physical attributes related to reproduction underscores a societal expectation that a woman’s primary role is to become a mother.
2. Discuss the generational conflict between Nana and Maami regarding Adjoa's education. How do their differing views highlight broader societal changes? Use evidence from the story to illustrate your points.
The generational conflict between Nana and Maami is evident in their differing views on Adjoa's education. Nana believes that sending Adjoa to school is a waste of time, reflecting a more traditional view that prioritizes domestic roles for women over formal education. Conversely, Maami views education as a means of empowerment and liberation from the limitations imposed by traditional gender roles. Maami says she feels "locked into some kind of darkness" because she did not go to school, implying that education would provide Adjoa with opportunities that she herself never had. This conflict highlights broader societal changes where newer generations value education and personal development for women, challenging older, more restrictive norms.
3. Analyse Adjoa's internal conflict about expressing her thoughts and feelings. How does her fear of ridicule or dismissal impact her communication with her family? Cite specific passages that demonstrate this struggle.
Adjoa's internal conflict about expressing her thoughts stems from her fear of being ridiculed or dismissed by her family. She is acutely aware that her thoughts might either be laughed at or dismissed as inappropriate. This fear is demonstrated when she states, "It is always difficult to decide whether to keep quiet and not say any of the things that come into my head, or say them and get laughed at." Her communication struggle is further illustrated when she tries to talk to Nana, who often responds by laughing uncontrollably or telling Adjoa never to repeat what she said. For example, when Adjoa takes time to figure something out and shares it with Nana, Nana responds, "Adjoa, you say what?" and often ends up laughing until she cries. This consistent reaction discourages Adjoa from expressing herself, leading her to internalize her thoughts and feelings.
4. In what ways does Adjoa's success in sports challenge the traditional expectations set by her family, particularly Nana? How does this achievement change Nana's perception of Adjoa? Provide textual evidence to support your analysis.
Adjoa's success in sports directly challenges the traditional expectations set by her family, especially Nana, who viewed her legs as a liability. Adjoa winning the cup for the best all-round junior athlete demonstrates that her legs, despite being considered "too thin" and "too long," are strong and capable. This achievement forces Nana to reconsider her previous judgments. The shift in Nana's perception is evident when she begins to wash and iron Adjoa's school uniform herself, a sign of newfound pride. After Adjoa wins the cup, Nana's change is further highlighted when she carries the cup on her back, akin to how precious things are carried, and even mutters to herself, "Thin legs can also be useful." This acknowledgment marks a significant transformation in Nana's understanding and acceptance of Adjoa's capabilities beyond traditional expectations.
5. Examine the role of education in the story. How does Maami's desire for Adjoa to go to school contrast with Nana's views? What does this contrast reveal about the potential for education to transform individual lives and societal norms? Use examples from the text to support your answer.
Education plays a crucial role in the story as a symbol of empowerment and change. Maami's desire for Adjoa to attend school contrasts sharply with Nana's belief that it is a waste of time. Maami views education as a means to escape the "darkness" she feels due to her own lack of schooling. She hopes that Adjoa can learn to read, write, and perhaps calculate, which would open up new opportunities for her. In contrast, Nana dismisses the value of education for Adjoa, suggesting that with her legs, she might as well go to school, implying it is the only viable option given her perceived physical shortcomings. This contrast reveals the transformative potential of education, not only for individual lives but also for societal norms. Education represents a shift towards valuing intellectual and personal growth over traditional roles, illustrating a broader societal move towards gender equality and the empowerment of women.


